Journal Description
Energies
Energies
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of related scientific research, technology development, engineering policy, and management studies related to the general field of energy, from technologies of energy supply, conversion, dispatch, and final use to the physical and chemical processes behind such technologies. Energies is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), Association of European Renewable Energy Research Centres (EUREC), Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology (ITPE), International Society for Porous Media (InterPore), CYTED and others are affiliated with Energies and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, RePEc, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 41 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Energies.
- Companion journals for Energies include: Fuels, Gases, Nanoenergy Advances and Solar.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2022)
Latest Articles
Modeling of Selected Parameters of Used Lubricating Oil Diluted with Diesel Oil Using the Characteristics of Fresh Lubricating Oil
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092047 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis,
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This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the variation of the same parameters for the used lubricating oil. For each case, the coefficient of determination, the maximum relative error of the model fitting to the experimental results, and the root mean square error (RMSE) are determined. In the experiment, the variation in the parameters of the used lubricating oil remained the same as for fresh oil parameters. Thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine: Research and Application—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Performance Characteristics and Optimization of a Single-Stage Direct Air Capture Membrane System in Terms of Process Energy Intensity
by
Kamil Niesporek, Janusz Kotowicz, Oliwia Baszczeńska and Izabella Maj
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092046 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane
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The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane with a selectivity of and permeability is chosen as the reference variant. It is demonstrated that increasing the pressure difference in the system by reducing the pressure of the permeate stream results in an improvement of all analyzed parameters. Manipulating both the membrane surface and its CO2 permeability yields similar results. With an increase in permeability or membrane surface area, the proportion of CO2 in the retentate and permeate decreases, while the degree of carbon dioxide recovery increases. However, the energy intensity of the process is a complex issue due to the presence of a local minimum in the obtained characteristics. Therefore, a relationship between the constants of energy intensity values for the separation process on the surface area field and CO2 membrane permeability is presented. The minimum energy intensity of the process obtained is 22.5 . The CO2 content in the retentate for all analyses did not exceed 280 ppm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Efficient Thermal Conversion of Carbon-Based Fuels)
Open AccessArticle
Facile Composition of CoNi and Graphene as a Free-Standing Cathode for a High-Performance Solid-State Zinc–Air Battery
by
Jian Hu, Yuan Liu, Tian Han, Lei Xu and Ningkang Sun
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092045 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors
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The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors and binders. The simplified cathode structure decreased the preparation process, and the self-assembled conductive matrix increased charge transfer, which holds promise for facile preparation and high-performance SZABs. Specifically, a free-standing CoNi/graphene film was fabricated by a simple composition method. The CoNi/graphene electrocatalyst exhibited comparable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity to that of Pt/C. Furthermore, the CoNi/graphene film could be directly used as a cathode, which showed an open-circuit voltage of 1.41 V and a power density of 210 mW cm−2 in alkaline liquid ZABs, as well as an open-circuit voltage of 1.43 V and a power density of 40 mW cm−2 in alkaline SZABs. This facile preparation and excellent performance offer substantial potential for practical SZAB applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
Open AccessArticle
Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of Corporate Social Responsibility Reputation under Green and Low-Carbon Transition: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies
by
Shuke Fu, Mengxia Tian, Yingchen Ge, Tingting Yao and Jiali Tian
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092044 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Amid China’s pursuit of a green and low-carbon transition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is facing new challenges. Our research delves into the influencing factors and mechanisms for CSR reputation under green and low-carbon transition and provides practical enlightenment for enterprises to achieve sustainable
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Amid China’s pursuit of a green and low-carbon transition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is facing new challenges. Our research delves into the influencing factors and mechanisms for CSR reputation under green and low-carbon transition and provides practical enlightenment for enterprises to achieve sustainable development. This paper constructs a comprehensive index system of CSR from five dimensions (innovation, coordination, sustainability, openness, and sharing), and CSR reputation of China’s A-share listed companies is comprehensively estimated by using an entropy method and data from 2013 to 2021. Then, from the perspective of external supervision and internal governance, we discuss the influence factors of CSR reputation, with an emphasis on the impact of public environmental concerns. Finally, the realization mechanism of CSR is further revealed. It is found that public environmental concern and the expansion of the enterprise scale boost the enhancement of CSR reputation. However, a higher proportion of female managers tends to hinder CSR reputation. Furthermore, public environmental concern plays a more prominent role in improving CSR reputation of non-state-owned and eastern enterprises. Additionally, public environmental concern significantly enhances CSR reputation through green technology innovation and executive environmental awareness. This research provides valuable insights for improving CSR reputation and optimizing regulatory compliance and governance practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Chain, Supply Chain and Value Chain in the Energy Industry: Impacts and Challenges in the Green and Low-Carbon Transition)
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Open AccessArticle
Not All about the Money: The Role of Financial Information in Promoting Residential Rooftop Photovoltaics
by
David Boaz, Ruslana Rachel Palatnik and Ofira Ayalon
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092043 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the role of financial information in shaping the intention to adopt (ITA) Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic (RPV) systems in Israel—a country with a surprisingly low RPV adoption rate given the high solar irradiance, and significant governmental support for RPV. We used
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This study investigates the role of financial information in shaping the intention to adopt (ITA) Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic (RPV) systems in Israel—a country with a surprisingly low RPV adoption rate given the high solar irradiance, and significant governmental support for RPV. We used an online survey of 899 respondents to examine how different presentations of RPV revenues impact both RPV deal comprehension and ITA. Our results align with existing literature on the roles of early technology adopters and pro-environmental characteristics while introducing two novel findings. First, households value their roofs—especially flat ones used for leisure. This negatively impacts ITA. Second, we found a positive correlation between trust in government entities and ITA, underscoring the importance of trust in institutions. Although financial information does enhance RPV deal comprehension, it does not significantly influence ITA. This study concludes that RPV penetration should not be promoted solely by financial incentives, but also by other motivations like environmental concerns, novelty seeking, and improved institutional trust.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Sources towards a Zero-Emission Economy)
Open AccessArticle
Low-Friction and -Knocking Diesel Engine Cylindrical-Tapered Bore Profile Design
by
Junhong Zhang, Ning Wang, Jian Wang, Hui Wang, Xueling Zhang, Huwei Dai and Jiewei Lin
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092042 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To reduce the friction loss and the piston-knocking noise from the perspective of the design of the cylinder bore profile, the piston-ring cylinder bore (PRCB) dynamic model of an L6 diesel engine was developed using AVL-Excite-Piston & Rings. Based on the full-scale test
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To reduce the friction loss and the piston-knocking noise from the perspective of the design of the cylinder bore profile, the piston-ring cylinder bore (PRCB) dynamic model of an L6 diesel engine was developed using AVL-Excite-Piston & Rings. Based on the full-scale test method, the effects of bore taper, starting height of tapered profile, and ellipticity on the friction power and knocking energy of the PRCB system were investigated, and the optimization of the design of the bore profile was carried out with the objectives of minimizing the system’s friction power and the peak knocking kinetic energy. The results showed that the taper of the cylinder bore has the greatest influence on the system’s friction power and the peak knocking kinetic energy, followed by the starting height of the conical profile. For the peak knocking kinetic energy of the piston, there was an obvious interaction between the taper and the starting height of the conical profile. When the taper was 35 μm and 45 μm, the peak knocking kinetic energy showed a decreasing and then increasing trend with the increase in the starting height of the profile, and when the taper was 55 μm the peak knocking kinetic energy monotonically was decreased with the increase in the starting height of the conical profile. The optimization results showed that the system’s friction power was decreased by 15.05% and the peak knocking kinetic energy was decreased by 21.41% for a taper degree of 55 μm, a tapered profile starting height of 31 mm, and an ellipticity of 50 μm compared to the initial cylindrical cylinder bore.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Zero Carbon Vehicles and Power Generation)
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Open AccessArticle
Demand Time Series Prediction of Stacked Long Short-Term Memory Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on Fused Attention Mechanism
by
Chengyu Yang, Han Zhou, Ximing Chen and Jiejun Huang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092041 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The layout and configuration of urban infrastructure are essential for the orderly operation and healthy development of cities. With the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles, the modeling and prediction of charging pile usage and allocation have garnered significant attention from governments
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The layout and configuration of urban infrastructure are essential for the orderly operation and healthy development of cities. With the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles, the modeling and prediction of charging pile usage and allocation have garnered significant attention from governments and enterprises. Short-term demand forecasting for charging piles is crucial for their efficient operation. However, existing prediction models lack a discussion on the appropriate time window, resulting in limitations in station-level predictions. Recognizing the temporal nature of charging pile occupancy, this paper proposes a novel stacked-LSTM model called attention-SLSTM that integrates an attention mechanism to predict the charging demand of electric vehicles at the station level over the next few hours. To evaluate its performance, this paper compares it with several methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the attention-SLSTM model outperforms both LSTM and stacked-LSTM models. Deep learning methods generally outperform traditional time series forecasting methods. In the test set, MAE is 1.6860, RMSE is 2.5040, and MAPE is 9.7680%. Compared to the stacked-LSTM model, MAE and RMSE are reduced by 4.7%and 5%, respectively; while MAPE value decreases by 1.3%, making it superior to LSTM overall. Furthermore, subsequent experiments compare prediction performance among different charging stations, which confirms that the attention-SLSTM model exhibits excellent predictive capabilities within a six-step (2 h) window.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Electric Vehicles Energy Management, 2nd Volume)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
An Improved Analytical Thermal Rating Method for Cable Joints
by
Fawu He, Yue Xie, Pengyu Wang, Zhiheng Wu, Shuzhen Bao, Wei Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Xiaokai Meng and Gang Liu
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092040 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is
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To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is not covered by the scope of IEC 60287. While the existing publications for cable joint thermal evaluation also have some limitations. In this paper, the quasi-three-dimensional thermal model of the cable joint was established and the iterative solution method for the model is presented. Based on the model, an improved thermal rating method for the cable joint was proposed, which was implemented with monitored surface temperature and load data. The improved method was verified by the finite element method and the results showed an error of less than 5%. The superiority of the improved method was conducted by the comparison between the previously published method and the improved method. The improved method showed a better accuracy than the previously published method. The proposed method in this paper can be complementary to the IEC method, and is easy to use for the operating evaluation of cable joints in the field with the on-line condition monitoring technology.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Engineering, High Voltage and Insulation Technology)
Open AccessReview
The Future Design of Smart Energy Systems with Energy Flexumers: A Constructive Literature Review
by
Jin-Li Hu and Nhi Ha Bao Bui
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092039 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework
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From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework emphasizing four key pillars: holistic resource optimization, adaptive intelligence, environmental harmony, and human-centered design. While they offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions, smart energy systems also face challenges. These include cybersecurity risks, the complexity of integrating diverse energy sources seamlessly, high upfront costs, and potential compatibility issues arising from evolving technologies. Overcoming these challenges will be crucial for unleashing the full potential of smart energy systems and facilitating their global adoption. Abundant opportunities for further research and development exist in this domain, awaiting exploration and advancement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamic Decoupling Method Based on Motor Dynamic Compensation with Application for Precision Mechatronic Systems
by
Kaixin Liu, Yang Liu, Fazhi Song and Jiubin Tan
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092038 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Motors are widely employed in mechatronic systems, especially in precision multiple degrees of freedom motion systems. In most applications, the dynamic equation between the motor instruction and the actual driving force is simplified as a constant. Subsequently, the static decoupling method can be
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Motors are widely employed in mechatronic systems, especially in precision multiple degrees of freedom motion systems. In most applications, the dynamic equation between the motor instruction and the actual driving force is simplified as a constant. Subsequently, the static decoupling method can be utilized to design the feedback controller. However, in high-precision mechatronic systems, motor dynamics cannot be neglected, and the static decoupling performance is compromised due to discrepancies between motors. In this paper, a dynamic decoupling method is developed to improve the decoupling performance of the multiple-input multiple-output systems. The effects of transmission delays, motor dynamics, and discrepancies between different motors are taken into consideration in the dynamic decoupling method. Furthermore, a data-driven optimization method is developed to estimate the parameters of the dynamic decoupling controller. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated through numerical simulations. The experimental results show that the dynamic decoupling control method can achieve a performance improvement at least compared to the static decoupling control method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linear/Planar Motors and Other Special Motors)
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Open AccessArticle
Integration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy in Indonesia’s Electrical Grid
by
Ahmad Amiruddin, Roger Dargaville, Ariel Liebman and Ross Gawler
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092037 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test
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As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test case. A comprehensive energy system modeling approach using PLEXOS is presented, using historical data on electricity generation, hourly demand, and renewable energy, and multiple scenarios of charging patterns and EV adoption. Through a series of scenarios, we evaluate the impact of different charging strategies and EV penetration levels on generation capacity, battery storage requirements, total system cost, renewable energy penetration, and emissions reduction. The findings reveal that optimized charging patterns and higher EV adoption rates, compared to no EVs adoption, led to substantial improvements in renewable energy utilization (+4%), emissions reduction (−12.8%), and overall system cost (−9%). While EVs contribute to reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles, non-optimized charging behavior may lead to higher total emissions when compared to scenarios without EVs. The research also found the potential of vehicle to grid (V2G) to reduce the need for battery storage compared to zero EV (−84%), to reduce emissions significantly (−23.7%), and boost penetration of renewable energy (+10%). This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders seeking to leverage the synergies between EVs and renewable energy integration to pursue a sustainable energy future for Indonesia.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage Solutions to Air Pollution and Global Warming)
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Open AccessArticle
Passive Super-Twisting Second-Order Sliding Mode Control Strategy for Input Stage of MMC-PET
by
Jingtao Zhou, Jianping Zhou, Hao Yang and Liegang Huang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092036 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
When the operating state of the power system changes, a modular multilevel converter power electronic transformer (MMC-PET) based on modular multilevel converters cannot perform efficient energy transfer and power conversion under conventional control strategies. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a
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When the operating state of the power system changes, a modular multilevel converter power electronic transformer (MMC-PET) based on modular multilevel converters cannot perform efficient energy transfer and power conversion under conventional control strategies. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a passive, second-order super-helical sliding mode control strategy for MMC-PET by combining passive control and second-order super-helical sliding mode control with a stronger anti-interference capability. First, a Euler–Lagrange model based on positive and negative sequence separation is established according to the mathematical model of the MMC; second, the model of the system is passively analyzed, and a passive controller is designed according to its passivity, and the passive controller is further optimized by using the super-helical second-order sliding mode control, which improves the overall robustness and interference immunity; finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the super-twisting second-order sliding mode passive control strategy is demonstrated by verifying it through the construction of the MMC-PET simulation model and testing it under various non-ideal working conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
Open AccessArticle
Field Plate Integration for Mitigating Partial Discharge Activity in PCB-Embedded Power Electronic Modules
by
Paul Bruyere, Eric Vagnon and Yvan Avenas
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092035 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried
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This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried out to analyze the electric field reduction induced by the use of FPs. Then, dedicated experiments are proposed to demonstrate that the actual PDIV increases in AC sinus 50 Hz when FPs are implemented. More specifically, it is observed that an optimal FP length exists. Several analyses based on simulations and experiments are thus proposed to explain this phenomenon. Finally, an assessment of PD activity and PD location is presented to support the analysis. AC sinus 50 Hz characterizations indicate that PDIV can be increased by 178% compared to PCBs without FPs with a proper definition of equipotential prolongation and PCB length.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)
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Research on the Measurement Method of the Prompt Neutron Decay Constant Based on LHS-DMD-Rossi-Alpha
by
Junguang Li, Jinsen Xie, Nianbiao Deng, Erpin Zhang, Zhiqiang Wu, Ji Tong and Tao Yu
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092034 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
In response to the significant dependency on empirical judgment in measuring the prompt neutron decay constant with the traditional Rossi-alpha method and the issue of requiring an excessive number of detectors with the DMD-Rossi-alpha method, this paper introduces a calculation method for the
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In response to the significant dependency on empirical judgment in measuring the prompt neutron decay constant with the traditional Rossi-alpha method and the issue of requiring an excessive number of detectors with the DMD-Rossi-alpha method, this paper introduces a calculation method for the prompt neutron decay constant based on a combination of Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD), and the Rossi-alpha method. Initially, the method uses LHS to expand the sample dataset of neutron noise data to reduce the number of detectors required. It then employs the Rossi-alpha method to construct a Rossi-alpha distribution model from neutron noise data. Finally, it utilizes DMD for feature extraction from the Rossi-alpha distribution model, thereby determining the prompt neutron decay constant. Research findings demonstrate that, by simulating the KUCA facility using RMC3.5 in a near-critical state, the relative error of the α value calculated by the LHS-DMD-Rossi-alpha method model is 9% less than that calculated by the Rossi-alpha method. This approach, capable of enhancing the precision of measuring the prompt neutron decay constant with just a single detector, holds significant theoretical value and engineering significance for the advancement of reactor physics and experimental techniques.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances and Novel Technologies in the Nuclear Industry)
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Open AccessArticle
Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Modular and Mobile “Green Classroom” Facilities
by
Tomasz Węgiel, Dariusz Borkowski, Rafał Blazy, Agnieszka Ciepiela, Mariusz Łysień, Jakub Dudek, Jakub Błachut, Hanna Hrehorowicz-Graber and Alicja Hrehorowicz-Nowak
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092033 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article aims to demonstrate the technical capabilities and effectiveness of an energy production and management system for school facilities using a modular solution. The system is assumed to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or sun. The potential of renewable
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This article aims to demonstrate the technical capabilities and effectiveness of an energy production and management system for school facilities using a modular solution. The system is assumed to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or sun. The potential of renewable energy sources in Cracow, Poland, was assessed, with a focus on solar energy (photovoltaic panels, PV). Taking into account the installation of heating and other equipment, an analysis of the facility’s electricity demand was carried out. The study recommended the use of a heat pump system to heat and cool the facility. Renewable energy sources will meet 81% of the facility’s projected annual demand, according to the study. An analysis of the energy consumption and production profiles shows that almost 69% of the energy produced by the PV panels is consumed on site. Of the remaining energy, 31% is fed back into the grid and sold to the grid operator or used by other facilities within the shared settlement. The overall balance results in a small electricity deficit that must be covered by the grid. If suitable sites are available, the facilities under study could consider installing a wind turbine as a potential supplement to the energy deficit.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Performance and Application Possibilities of Photovoltaic Modules)
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Open AccessArticle
A Multi-Source Braking Force Control Method for Electric Vehicles Considering Energy Economy
by
Yinhang Wang, Liqing Zhou, Liang Chu, Di Zhao, Zhiqi Guo and Zewei Jiang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092032 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Advancements in electric vehicle technology have promoted the development trend of smart and low-carbon environmental protection. The design and optimization of electric vehicle braking systems faces multiple challenges, including the reasonable allocation and control of braking torque to improve energy economy and braking
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Advancements in electric vehicle technology have promoted the development trend of smart and low-carbon environmental protection. The design and optimization of electric vehicle braking systems faces multiple challenges, including the reasonable allocation and control of braking torque to improve energy economy and braking performance. In this paper, a multi-source braking force system and its control strategy are proposed with the aim of enhancing braking strength, safety, and energy economy during the braking process. Firstly, an ENMPC (explicit nonlinear model predictive control)-based braking force control strategy is proposed to replace the traditional ABS strategy in order to improve braking strength and safety while providing a foundation for the participation of the drive motor in ABS (anti-lock braking system) regulation. Secondly, a grey wolf algorithm is used to rationally allocate mechanical and electrical braking forces, with power consumption as the fitness function, to obtain the optimal allocation method and provide potential for EMB (electro–mechanical brake) optimization. Finally, simulation tests verify that the proposed method can improve braking strength, safety, and energy economy for different road conditions, and compared to other methods, it shows good performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
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Open AccessArticle
Harmonic Distortion Study of a Photovoltaic Generator in a Microgrid under Disturbances
by
Nestor F. Guerrero-Rodríguez, Rafael Omar Batista-Jorge, Francisco A. Ramírez-Rivera, Julio Ferreira, Robert Mercado-Ravelo and Abraham Manilla
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092031 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper describes research on the harmonic-distortion capacity of a single-stage photovoltaic (PV) 3.68 kWp generator in a microgrid configuration. An overview of various harmonic compensator methods used in PV generators is presented to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Proportional-resonant (PR) structures with
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This paper describes research on the harmonic-distortion capacity of a single-stage photovoltaic (PV) 3.68 kWp generator in a microgrid configuration. An overview of various harmonic compensator methods used in PV generators is presented to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Proportional-resonant (PR) structures with harmonic compensators (HCs) are designed, modeled, and validated through real-time tests. The modeling of harmonic compensation structures for a photovoltaic inverter using MATLAB/SIMULINK R2022a is explained in detail. The harmonic compensation capacity of a PV generator inverter is studied under voltage harmonics, grid frequency variation, and voltage unbalance. The contributions of this work are, firstly a bibliographic analysis of various strategies currently used for harmonic compensation in grid-connected inverters and secondly, a detailed explanation of the modeling of harmonic compensation structures using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Finally, a demonstration of the improvement in energy quality that results from using harmonic compensation techniques in photovoltaic generators in microgrid configurations affected by grid disturbances is performed. The obtained results show that harmonic compensation strategies based on resonant filters are a good alternative for the reduction of harmonic voltage distortion in the presence of grid disturbances such as frequency variation and voltage unbalance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Energy Integration of Thermal Pretreatment in Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw
by
Alfonso García Álvaro, César Ruiz Palomar, Israel Díaz Villalobos, Daphne Hermosilla, Raúl Muñoz and Ignacio de Godos
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092030 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Cereal straw stands out as one of the most abundant and globally distributed agricultural residues. Traditional applications cope with a limited amount of production, leaving the remainder in the field for natural decomposition. Managing cereal straw through controlled biological transformation under anaerobic conditions
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Cereal straw stands out as one of the most abundant and globally distributed agricultural residues. Traditional applications cope with a limited amount of production, leaving the remainder in the field for natural decomposition. Managing cereal straw through controlled biological transformation under anaerobic conditions holds the potential to generate added value in the form of bioenergy. However, the lignocellulosic composition of these substrates poses challenges for organic degradation, often requiring energy-intensive pretreatments. A detailed study with a comprehensive calculation of the overall energy balance of the integrated process is proposed, aiming to provide real added value and replicability. Three scenarios for wheat straw transformation were investigated, incorporating two preliminary pre-treatment stages—mechanical milling and physicochemical steam explosion. Three conditions of pretreatment were essayed, varying the time exposure of the steam explosion. The subsequent energy integration analysis revealed that the process was optimized by up to 15% in the final energy balance when the steam explosion was set to 10 min. The macromolecular composition determination revealed that the thermal pretreatment reduced the lag phase of the hydrolysis step through hemicellulose breakdown.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy in Light of Energy Transition Processes)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimising Ion Conductivity in NdBaInO4-Based Phases
by
Manyu Chen, Cheng Li, Kai Zhu, Jieyu Wang, Sida Liu, Weina Kong, Zifa Ban and Chao Shen
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092029 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Based on the previous work conducted by Fujii et al., NdBaInO4 compounds present modest oxide-ion conductivities. Therefore, it has been an attractive system of significant interest. In this study, we attempted to partially substitute Ca for Nd and the total electrical conductivity
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Based on the previous work conducted by Fujii et al., NdBaInO4 compounds present modest oxide-ion conductivities. Therefore, it has been an attractive system of significant interest. In this study, we attempted to partially substitute Ca for Nd and the total electrical conductivity was successfully improved due to the generation of oxygen vacancies. The synthesis, crystal structure, density, surface topography, and electrical properties of NdBaInO4 and Ca-doped NdBaInO4 have been studied, respectively. NdBaInO4 and 10% and 20% molar fractions of Ca-doped NdBaInO4 were synthesized through solid-state reactions. The crystal structure of them was obtained from Le Bail refinement of the XRD pattern, giving the result of the monoclinic structure, which belongs to P21/c space group. The highest total electrical conductivity of 4.91 × 10−3 S cm−1 was obtained in the Nd0.9Ca0.1BaInO3.95 sample at a temperature of 760 °C in the dry atmosphere and the activation energy was reduced from 0.68 eV to 0.58 eV when the temperature was above 464 °C (737 K) after doping the NdBaInO4 with a 0.1 molar fraction of Ca2+. Moreover, the total conductivity of Nd0.9Ca0.1BaInO3.95 in the wet atmosphere at moderate temperature was relatively higher than that in the dry atmosphere, which suggests that potential proton conduction may exist in wet atmospheres. In addition, the oxygen diffusion coefficients of Nd0.9Ca0.1BaInO3.95 (D* = 1.82 × 10−8 cm2/s, 850 °C) was about two times higher than that of Nd0.8Ca0.2BaInO3.90 (D* = 7.95 × 10−9 cm2/s, 850 °C) and was increased significantly by two orders of magnitude when compared with the oxygen diffusion coefficient of the undoped NdBaInO4 (D* = 8.25 × 10−11 cm2/s, 850 °C).
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(This article belongs to the Section D1: Advanced Energy Materials)
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An Efficient Methodology to Identify Relevant Multiple Contingencies and Their Probability for Long-Term Resilience Studies
by
Emanuele Ciapessoni, Diego Cirio and Andrea Pitto
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092028 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The selection of multiple contingency scenarios is a key task to perform resilience-oriented long-term planning analyses. However, the identification of relevant multiple contingencies may easily lead to combinatorial explosion issues, even for relatively small systems. This paper proposes an effective methodology for the
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The selection of multiple contingency scenarios is a key task to perform resilience-oriented long-term planning analyses. However, the identification of relevant multiple contingencies may easily lead to combinatorial explosion issues, even for relatively small systems. This paper proposes an effective methodology for the identification of relevant multiple contingencies and their probabilities, suitable for the long-term resilience analysis of large power systems. The methodology is composed of two main pillars: (1) the clustering of lines that are more likely to fail together, to reduce the computational complexity of the analysis exploiting historical weather data and (2) the probability-based identification of multiple contingencies within each cluster, where the contingency probability is computed applying the copula theory. Tests performed on a portion of the Italian EHV transmission system confirm the validity of the clustering results compared against historical failure events. Moreover, the copula-based algorithm for contingency probability estimation passes the tests carried out on relatively large clusters with very low error tolerance. The method successfully pinpoints critical multiple contingency scenarios and their likelihoods, making it valuable for assessing power system resilience over long-term horizons in support of resilience-oriented planning activities.
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(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
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